Monday, April 18, 2022

Factories of Life & Planets



Almost every single religion of humankind has something to do the celestial heavens and stars. This drawing nearness and yearning of fascination of the look in heavens gives us the very feelings of connection to the god(s) who made us. The very fabric of stardust that builds the very elements inside you and outside of your life have been made by the supergiant stars. Stars are the very factory of most of the elements that we have been made up of in this universe. How does this process works? The key answer in this lies in gravitational force that contra balances the repulsive forces of electromagnetic force.


The stars and planets are celestial masses that are suspended in space held by gravitational pulls of masses. The major difference in stars and planets lies in the mass size. A single star with enough mass is able to overcome the resistance of electromagnetic forces that repel the protons together. Jupiter, our solar system planet is called a failed star because it did not have enough mass to overcome the repulsion forces of hydrogen atoms. This squeezing of protons together is called nuclear fusion. The electromagnetic repulsion forces are overcome by gravitational forces. These forces do not disappear. A star is a giant ball of two forces fighting each other. If you take a proton and squeeze into the next proton the repulsion forces pull the two protons apart, but if you have enough mass the gravitational force still overcomes the repulsion force of two protons like two hydrogen atoms. Eventually you are able to form a strong nuclear force that will hold those protons and neutrons together when distances are very short. Once you start fusing small elements you start to form bigger elements.

If the star is a supergiant star or hypergiant star the gravitational force always wins over repulsion forces of positive charges and heavier elements are created. This process continues until the strong nuclear forces start winning over the gravitational force. When you create a large element from smaller elements the strong nuclear forces increase in its energy force. This increase in atomic size starts to produce weak forces, which are also responsible for building elements. For example, if the element has been fused enough too many times it can undergo beta decay if the element has too many neutrons to protons ratio. This nuclear decay itself increases the atomic number of element by converting a neutron into a proton. The building of large elements puts pressure on the outer edge of the star from heat that is generated from fusion. It becomes harder and harder for big stars to pull the elements of large nuclei to fuse together. The star is always pulsating between these two forces. Eventually the stretch of two forces cause the star to collapse causing major explosion that causes supernova. This explosion causes all of the elements that were made in the stars to be spit out. These elements all emit different electromagnetic spectrum of colors. The core of the star might remain, but the rest of the elements are just floating around in space ready to make new planets just like the earth that has nickel and iron at its core. Those two elements alone tell us that our ancestor star was some giant star that has exploded. Those elements are essential building blocks of matter and all you need to get started is to have hydrogen atoms with large enough mass to start the squeezing of elements into larger elements.


How can you know what elements have been able to be created by supernova explosion. Each element produces a different spectrum of light colors based on its wavelength and frequencies of light producing waves. We have spectrographs that measure those wavelengths and frequencies from the light that was emitted from supernovas. For example, our Hubble telescope is equipped with two spectrographs that collects this light information. Based on the separation of different light colors we can accurately predict what elements were created from different star explosions. It is a marvelous wonder that giant stars are factories for elements from which our life has emerged.